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.:APOSTROPHE:.

.: TENSE:.

.: PRONOUN:.

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.:Present Perfect Progressive - Use:.

1) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on the action) - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time)

I have been waiting for you for three hours. (It was a long time.)

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2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the action)

She has been watching too many videos. (It was too much time.)

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Signal words

all day, the whole day, since, for

Questions with how long

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Form

have/has + been + infinitive + -ing

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Examples

Affirmative sentences:

I have been playing handball. I've been playing handball.

You have been playing handball. You've been playing handball.

Negative sentences:

I have not been playing handball. I've not been playing handball. I haven't been playing handball.

You have not been playing handball. You've not been playing handball. You haven't been playing handball.

Questions:

Have I been playing handball?

Have you been playing handball?

.:Present Perfect:.

Present Perfect - Use

1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present

I have cleaned my room.

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2) Recently completed action

He has just played handball.

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3) Action beginning in the past and still continuing

We have lived in Canada since 1986.

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4) together with lately, recently, yet

I have been to London recently.

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Signal words

just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for

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Form

have/has + past participle

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Examples

Affirmative sentences:

I have played football. I've played football.

You have played football. You've played football.

Negative sentences:

I have not played football. I've not played football. I haven't played football.

You have not played football. You've not played football. You haven't played football.

Questions:

Have I played football?

Have you played football?

.: Simple Past/Past Simple - Brief version:.

Use

1) action finished in the past

I visited Berlin last week.

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2) series of completed actions in the past

First I got up, then I had breakfast

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3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in progress in the past.

They were playing cards when the telephone rang.

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Signal words

yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002

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Form

- with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

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Examples

Affirmative sentences:

regular verbs	irregular verbs
I played football.	I went to the cinema.
We visited Alaska last year.	We were in Rome yesterday.

Negative sentences:

You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) for negations.

I		played	football.
I	didn't	play	football.
He	didn't	play	football.

Questions:

Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do).
Did you play football?

.:Simple Present/Present Simple - Brief version:.

Use

1) repeated actions

My friend often draws nice posters.

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2) things in general

The sun rises in the East.

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3) fixed arrangements, scheduled events

The plane flies to London every Monday.

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4) actions in the present - one follows after the other

First I get up, then I have breakfast.

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5) instructions

Open your books at page 34.

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6) with special verbs

I understand English.

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Signal words

every day, often, always, sometimes, never

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Form

infinitive (3rd person singular he, she, it: infinitive + -s)

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Examples

Affirmative sentences:

I read books.	My brother reads books.
We sing pop songs.	She sings pop songs.
I play handball.	John plays handball.

Negative sentences:

You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary do for negations.

I		like	computers.
I	don't	like	computers at all.

My friend		likes	computers.
My mum	doesn't	like	computers at all.

Questions:

Use the auxiliary do.

Do you play football?

Does he play football?

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.:ADVERB:.

1. Adverbs tell how (“eagerly”), when (“lately,” “often”), where (“there,” “outside”), how much (“very,” “too”), and why (“therefore”).

2. Adverbs usually modify verbs, other adverbs, or adjectives.

Bob drives carefully . (“Carefully” modifies the verb “drives.”)

Bob drives very carefully.  (“Very” modifies the adverb “carefully.”)

Bob is quite tall. (“Quite” modifies the adjective “tall.”)

3. Adverbs are often “adjective + -ly”: 

patient--patiently

careless--carelessly

expensive--expensively

probable--probably

certain--certainly

happy--happily

honest--honestly

personal--personally

real--really

direct--directly

fair-fairly

serious--seriously

4. But not all adverbs end in –ly:

again, ago, all, almost, also, always, any, anyhow, anymore, anyplace, anytime, anyway, anywhere, better, best, enough, far, farther, fast, further, furthest, here, how, inside, just, later, maybe, more, most, much, never, next, now, often, once, outside, quite, rather, slow  (also slowly), so, some, somehow, sometime, sometimes, somewhat, still, straight, there, therefore, too, very, well, what, whatever, when, whence, whenever, where, whereby, wherein, wherever, yet.

5. Not all words that end in -ly are automatically adverbs;

“friendly,” “likely,” “lonely,”  and “lovely” are adjectives. 

“Early” can be an adjective OR an adverb.

6. “Fast,” “slow,”  “quick,” “early,” and “straight” are examples of other words that can be adjectives AND adverbs, BUT have the same meaning:

Sara walks fast.  (adverb) = Sara is a fast walker. (adjective). 

The early bus (adjective) = the bus that arrives early (adverb).

7. Most adverbs, like adjectives, can be compared using “more” and “most”: sharply--more sharply--most sharply. One- syllable adverbs are compared using “-er” and “-est”: straight--straighter--straightest.

Some adverbs are irregular: 

well--better--best,  

badly (ill)--worse--worst,  

much--more--most,  

little--less--least,  

far--farther (further)--farthest (furthest).

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Apostrophe + S

There are three meanings:

1) Contraction of subject + is
2) Contraction of subject + has
3) Possession

1. The subject can be a subject pronoun, a question word, or a proper noun (name). Is must be followed by a noun or a present participle (verb + ING).

he is = he's she is = she's it is = it's what is = what's
who is = who's where is = where's when is = when's how is = how's
Mike is = Mike's Lucy is = Lucy's Detroit is = Detroit's France is = France's

2. The subject can be a subject pronoun, a question word, or a proper noun (name). Has must be followed by a past participle (verb +ED or EN).

he has = he's she has = she's it has = it's what has = what's
who has = who's where has = where's when has = when's how has = how's
Mike has = Mike's Lucy has = Lucy's Detroit has = Detroit's France has = France's

3. The possessive - 's shows that someone owns something. It is translated as the possessed of the
possessor in French (objet possédé DE possesseur). The word order is the reverse in English, however (possesseur + 's + objet possédé).

the hat of Luke = Luke's hat the dog of my family = my family's dog
the name of his cat = his cat's name the house of the man = the man's house

Rewrite the sentences with NO contractions:

1. My father's brother lives in California.
2. He's working really hard today.
3. She's eaten all of the cake!
4. When's your birthday?
5. Her sister's friend plays tennis.
6. Their son's travelling in Europe.
7. He's walked for 10 miles!
8. The house's door is green and red.

.:He Never Stopped Moaning! (adjectives gap-fill):.

 Complete the gaps using an appropriate adjective from below:

bright, argumentative, expensive, interested, hard, busy, late, noisy, loud ,long, small, hot, slow, far ,dry

The Restaurant

KATRINA:

“Brad was ‘kind of’ my new boyfriend. I met him last week at a friend’s party. He took me out for a meal last night, but it didn’t go very well. First of all, when he picked me up at my house, he said that it had been too (1.) _______________ to find. Then, he didn’t want to park in the free car park in Cathedral Street because the queue was too (2.) _______________. We tried Market Street, but it was too (3.) _______________. In the end we parked in Jury Lane, which was cheaper, but Brad was still moaning because he said it was too (4.) ____________ from the restaurant.

“When we got to the restaurant I thought it was OK, but Brad said that it was too(5.) _______________ and that he didn’t feel comfortable around so many people, so we had to try somewhere else. We went to a little Italian place around the corner, but I thought it was too (6.) _______________. There were only eight tables! It took us ages to get served, and when we eventually did Brad told the waitress that she was too (7.) _______________. I think she went even slower after that – on purpose.

“When we got our food, Brad’s pizza was too (8.) _______________ so he burnt his mouth. My pasta was too (9.) _______________, but I didn’t want to complain because Brad was already doing enough of that for both of us! Then Brad told the waitress that the music was too (10.) _______________ and the lights were too (11.) _______________. Nothing was right for him. He even accused the very quiet and nice couple next to us of being too(12.) _______________.

“When we left the restaurant, Brad wanted to go to a club, but I said I thought it was too (13.) _______________, because I was tired and it was nearly quarter to midnight. He asked me if I wanted to go out with him again and I said I’d think about it, because I wasn’t too (14.) _______________ in seeing him again. I think he’s fantastic-looking and he’s got a nice car, but he’s a bit too (15.) _______________ for my taste. Give me someone more laid-back any day ... !”

The Waitress

Source : English Banana

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