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.:APOSTROPHE:.

.: TENSE:.

.: PRONOUN:.

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.:Present Perfect Progressive - Use:.

1) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on the action) - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time)

I have been waiting for you for three hours. (It was a long time.)

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2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the action)

She has been watching too many videos. (It was too much time.)

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Signal words

all day, the whole day, since, for

Questions with how long

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Form

have/has + been + infinitive + -ing

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Examples

Affirmative sentences:

I have been playing handball. I've been playing handball.

You have been playing handball. You've been playing handball.

Negative sentences:

I have not been playing handball. I've not been playing handball. I haven't been playing handball.

You have not been playing handball. You've not been playing handball. You haven't been playing handball.

Questions:

Have I been playing handball?

Have you been playing handball?

.:Present Perfect:.

Present Perfect - Use

1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present

I have cleaned my room.

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2) Recently completed action

He has just played handball.

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3) Action beginning in the past and still continuing

We have lived in Canada since 1986.

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4) together with lately, recently, yet

I have been to London recently.

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Signal words

just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for

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Form

have/has + past participle

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Examples

Affirmative sentences:

I have played football. I've played football.

You have played football. You've played football.

Negative sentences:

I have not played football. I've not played football. I haven't played football.

You have not played football. You've not played football. You haven't played football.

Questions:

Have I played football?

Have you played football?

.: Simple Past/Past Simple - Brief version:.

Use

1) action finished in the past

I visited Berlin last week.

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2) series of completed actions in the past

First I got up, then I had breakfast

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3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in progress in the past.

They were playing cards when the telephone rang.

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Signal words

yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002

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Form

- with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

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Examples

Affirmative sentences:

regular verbs	irregular verbs
I played football.	I went to the cinema.
We visited Alaska last year.	We were in Rome yesterday.

Negative sentences:

You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) for negations.

I		played	football.
I	didn't	play	football.
He	didn't	play	football.

Questions:

Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do).
Did you play football?

.:Simple Present/Present Simple - Brief version:.

Use

1) repeated actions

My friend often draws nice posters.

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2) things in general

The sun rises in the East.

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3) fixed arrangements, scheduled events

The plane flies to London every Monday.

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4) actions in the present - one follows after the other

First I get up, then I have breakfast.

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5) instructions

Open your books at page 34.

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6) with special verbs

I understand English.

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Signal words

every day, often, always, sometimes, never

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Form

infinitive (3rd person singular he, she, it: infinitive + -s)

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Examples

Affirmative sentences:

I read books.	My brother reads books.
We sing pop songs.	She sings pop songs.
I play handball.	John plays handball.

Negative sentences:

You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary do for negations.

I		like	computers.
I	don't	like	computers at all.

My friend		likes	computers.
My mum	doesn't	like	computers at all.

Questions:

Use the auxiliary do.

Do you play football?

Does he play football?

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.:ADVERB:.

1. Adverbs tell how (“eagerly”), when (“lately,” “often”), where (“there,” “outside”), how much (“very,” “too”), and why (“therefore”).

2. Adverbs usually modify verbs, other adverbs, or adjectives.

Bob drives carefully . (“Carefully” modifies the verb “drives.”)

Bob drives very carefully.  (“Very” modifies the adverb “carefully.”)

Bob is quite tall. (“Quite” modifies the adjective “tall.”)

3. Adverbs are often “adjective + -ly”: 

patient--patiently

careless--carelessly

expensive--expensively

probable--probably

certain--certainly

happy--happily

honest--honestly

personal--personally

real--really

direct--directly

fair-fairly

serious--seriously

4. But not all adverbs end in –ly:

again, ago, all, almost, also, always, any, anyhow, anymore, anyplace, anytime, anyway, anywhere, better, best, enough, far, farther, fast, further, furthest, here, how, inside, just, later, maybe, more, most, much, never, next, now, often, once, outside, quite, rather, slow  (also slowly), so, some, somehow, sometime, sometimes, somewhat, still, straight, there, therefore, too, very, well, what, whatever, when, whence, whenever, where, whereby, wherein, wherever, yet.

5. Not all words that end in -ly are automatically adverbs;

“friendly,” “likely,” “lonely,”  and “lovely” are adjectives. 

“Early” can be an adjective OR an adverb.

6. “Fast,” “slow,”  “quick,” “early,” and “straight” are examples of other words that can be adjectives AND adverbs, BUT have the same meaning:

Sara walks fast.  (adverb) = Sara is a fast walker. (adjective). 

The early bus (adjective) = the bus that arrives early (adverb).

7. Most adverbs, like adjectives, can be compared using “more” and “most”: sharply--more sharply--most sharply. One- syllable adverbs are compared using “-er” and “-est”: straight--straighter--straightest.

Some adverbs are irregular: 

well--better--best,  

badly (ill)--worse--worst,  

much--more--most,  

little--less--least,  

far--farther (further)--farthest (furthest).

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